Modernity and the Notions of Public Interest free essay sample

This paper looks at the significance of advancement and the relations between the ideas of open intrigue, morals and law. By giving a model that raises this issue further, the domain of profound quality, proficient morals and law is talked about and whether their circles of locale would cover. It additionally investigates the implications and meanings of the key terms that are of most worry for this subject, and how they relate or vary from one another. A Singaporean model is additionally appeared as proof to help the conversation. At last, a counter contention is given a sensible reaction that follows with this contention. While researchers and thinkers have characterized advancement in various manners, the development of innovation is additionally a significant part of the term. Before innovation became a force to be reckoned with, there were the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. â€Å"The embodiment of innovation can be seen in humanity’s liberating itself from the obligations of the Middle Ages in that it liberates itself to itself† (Heidegger, Young, amp; Haynes, 2002). We will compose a custom paper test on Innovation and the Notions of Public Interest or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Innovation alludes to individuals beginning to defend and have an independent mind, as opposed to the conventional method of living by the guidelines and lessons of their religion. In less difficult terms, it is a move from strict convictions to logical information, as in man suspecting willingly for himself. The fortification of the Christian church diminished over the individuals and science started to be progressively acknowledged. The analysis of advancement is that it really detains as opposed to frees. Innovation offers ascend to people’s input and free discourse. Along these lines, with free discourse, limitations are established to ensure the opportunity of people in general. The term modernization alludes to the expanding utilization of science and new advancements, and the political, social and social changes that finished from these improvements of modernization (Mann, 2010). Consequently current society is viewed as present day due to fast change which is the quintessence of current society (Nester, 2010). Today’s society and perspective all prospered from innovation. The utilization of science and innovation, the need to see everything in life through logical investigation and experimentation are for the most part attributes of what makes present day society ‘modern. In this manner, it advances an increasingly reasonable, logical perspective as religion, strange notion and convention lost their hold over regular day to day existence. With current reasoning, open intrigue, morals, law, etc, which were all taking need among individuals in their regular day to day existence and furthermore experts so everybody can live in amicability in a liberal vote based society. Open intrigue is what is legitimized toward the open which might be against some prompt individual person’s interest† (Downs, 1962). A general clarification for morals would be that it is worried about making the best choice from an ethical perspective. Fieser (2001) portrayed morals as organizing, guarding and suggesting ideas of good and bad conduct, while Spence (2005) said that it is a lot of rules and temperances of character that guides relational direct (Breit, 2007). The Law is a lot of rules for society, to secure people’s essential rights and opportunities and to treat them decently (OrganizationOfAmericanStates, 2007). Certain circumstances that are of the public’s concern can likewise be a moral and lawful issue, for example, unlawful premature births. Premature births are illicit in many nations and all things being equal, a few ladies despite everything require it for their own prosperity. Hence, specialists need to confront their own code of morals in managing these issues. This issue is additionally of open intrigue since this issue has been a progressing banter and people in general are constantly worried about it. In the Singapore setting, the instance of the ex-MOE researcher, Jonathan Wong having sexual relations with a minor makes a genuine model that raises this theme. The researcher from the Ministry of Education was from the outset accused of having kid erotic entertainment in Britain which lead to examinations. The examinations at that point lead to uncover that he had sexual relations with an underage young lady (Channel News Asia, 2012). In spite of the fact that the first charge in quite a while not an open intrigue matter, the second charge this year incited open intrigue. Beside the lawlessness of the case, it started open enthusiasm because of him being a researcher with the public’s citizen cash. The MOE’s code of morals was considered for selecting this understudy for a researcher. So how do profound quality, proficient morals and law contrast from one another? Ethical quality is an individual’s own conviction that separates directly from wrong. It is an individual’s own character. Proficient morals is a norm or code of conduct expected by a gathering to which the individual has a place with. Profound quality is an individual attribute while morals is progressively worried in the field of calling. Law, notwithstanding, is another diverse issue from both profound quality and expert morals. In any case, now and again, their fields of locale do cover with each other. In the course peruser, Breit (2007) called attention to the moral predicament of a writer on whether to report a story which is in the open intrigue. The moral difficulty the columnist confronted was because of the ban of the news, regardless of whether to regard it or let the open think about the news right away. There was likewise dread of getting sued for not regarding the ban and for not satisfying the obligation as a writer. These were the situations that this writer looked in which the changed purviews cover with each other. Returning to the case of the instance of the ex-MOE researcher, it is illicit to engage in sexual relations with a minor. This likewise prompted open premium since he was a grant understudy of MOE by taxpayers’ cash. Moral issues were raised on the MOE’s side of the case for picking this sort of individual as their researcher and this reflects severely for the service. Concerning the restricting contention, â€Å"What reasons may be given for believing that the exposure of a person’s sexual unfortunate behavior serves the open intrigue? (Archard, 1998)† From the radicalism side of the contention, it expresses that neither society, government nor any other individual has the legitimate position to mention to individuals what they do in the protection of their own homes. Every individual has legitimate authority over how they lead their own lives in private. Thusly general society doesn't have to think pretty much the entirety of the close insights concerning the case. In spite of the fact that the counter contention is sensible, the general population ought to reserve the privilege to think about this issue since this individual was blamed for abusing the taxpayers’ cash and managed activities of offense and violated the law in not one but rather two nations. The main charge was for having kid erotic entertainment while he was concentrating in Britain and the second was for having sexual relations with a minor in Singapore. Present day thinking has lead to sentiments on profound quality, morals and law, just as issues about open intrigue. Open basic conversations and assessment of issues that emerge from such issues given above is a significant piece of a solid majority rules system. As it were, the measures of open intrigue, morals and law in every nation decides the advancement of the general public.

Draft Report 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Draft Report 1 - Essay Example Outstandingly, Valentine’s day likewise denotes an astounding utilization pace of chocolate and candy. This is a direct result of the blessing society in the United States, whereby numerous individuals lean toward purchasing chocolates for those they love and fortune (Hot Chocolates 182). A significant number of those purchasing blessings are generally shoppers themselves. Without uncertainty, chocolate and candy have a prepared market more than in some other nation over the globe. As featured over, the United States enlists the most elevated utilization of chocolate and candy. Nonetheless, it is significant that a few brands of chocolate devoured by numerous Americans have gone on throughout the previous 50 years. They are built up chocolate and candy brands with a one of a kind taste and quality (Research and Markets). They are given veneration as premium chocolates in light of their extraordinary taste and quality throughout the years. Organizations, for example, Hershey and Mars have the main level of the piece of the pie and are the principle providers of chocolate and candy in the United States. Despite the fact that chocolate is a favored nibble in the United States, this doesn't imply that organizations working in this industry don't need to enjoy thorough research. Prominently, the American purchaser is quite certain with taste with regards to bites and chocolate (Kim, Lopetcharat, and Drake 4850). In addition, there is a differed inclination for either dim chocolate or milk chocolate. These are a portion of the elements that organizations with the main piece of the overall industry have frequently considered in an offered to keep up their market position. There is proof that the pressing of the chocolate can possibly summon various emotions to the customer. This gives makers of sweets and chocolates another assignment of guaranteeing that the bundling of the chocolate brings out feelings, for example, want, fulfilled, bliss, and pride. Chocolate packs bringing out such feelings are probably going to have a higher possibility contrasted with others in the market (Johnson) . Additionally, the wellbeing

Outline the causes of income inequality in the UK and evaluate the

Outline the causes of income inequality in the UK and evaluate the Outline the causes of income inequality in the UK and evaluate the measures that could be used by the UK government to achieve a more equal distribution of wealth â€" Essay Example > Income Inequality in the United Kingdom Introduction Welch (2001) defined income inequality as a situation whereby there is unequal allocation of individual or household incomes across different individuals in a given economy. Income inequality is therefore a situation whereby the rich people in a country earn more income compared to the other population hence increasing the gap between the poor and the rich. The causes of inequality usually vary depending with the state, gender, social status, region, and education of individuals in the society. This paper is going to outline the causes of income inequality in the UK and evaluate the measures that could be used by the UK government to achieve equal distribution of wealth. Causes of income inequality Stiglitz (2012) stated that the main causes of income inequalities in the UK are low wage rate amongst a certain class of workers and unemployment. In regards to the issues of low wage rate amongst a certain class of citizens, Stiglitz (2012) stated that the gap between the poor and the rich widens when the employees are forced to use all of their income just to feed their families and hence, leaving them with nothing to save for investment purposes. Unemployment is also another major cause of income inequalities in the UK because the people who are not engaged in any form of business or job, rarely earn an income while the rich own businesses that provide them with high incomes hence creating a gap between them. In the writings by Parker (2004), she cited education also another causes of income inequalities since individuals who are learned and educated get opportunities to work for well paying organizations, while the illiterate or less educated lack similar opportunities since they lack the documents to prove that they have the knowledge and skills necessary for high paying jobs. Chen and Zhou (2004) on their part stated that the causes of income inequality could be divided into individual and national causes. The individual causes include the ownership of resources, motivations, family size, qualifications, and skills (Parker, 2004). The national causes include economic power, climate and the size and quality of labor force. Measures to reduce income inequality The government of the UK should formulate policies to reduce the income gap between the rich and the poor by ensuring that all the individuals who are working in various organizations are paid good salaries that will enable them sustain their families and save part of their income for investment purposes. The government should motivate the poor who are unemployed by providing working opportunities for all without discrimination and encouraging them to use their talents, skills, and creative ideas to start their businesses in order to reduce the rates of unemployment in the UK. The fees paid in schools should be affordable to ensure that people are educated to make them have better incomes when they start working (Welch, 2001). Conclusion Income inequality is a state whereby the rich earn more money in the society hence creating a big gap between the poor and the rich. Some of the causes of income inequalities are unemployment, low payments, and illiteracy, which make individuals either earn less or no incomes. The government of the UK can reduce the rate of income inequalities by helping their citizens get better payments at their workplace, improving education systems, and encouraging people to use their talents and skills to start their own businesses. References Chen, Z., Zhou, Y. (2004). Income distribution during system reform and economic development in China. New York, Nova Science Publishers. Parker, S. C. (2004). The economics of self-employment and entrepreneurship. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Stiglitz, J. E. (2012). The price of inequality. London, Allen Lane. Welch, F. (2001). The causes and consequences of increasing inequality. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Social Influences on Behavior Essay - 1663 Words

+ Life Span Development and Personality Paper PSY/300 May 23, 2011 Life Span Development and Personality Paper Albert Fish was a 20th century serial killer, child rapist, sadomasochist, and cannibal. This paper is a brief description focused on the forces that impacted his life from the viewpoint of developmental psychology. The author made an effort to distinguish between the influences of hereditary and environment on psychological development. He also explains what family issues and social support systems may have influenced Albert Fish’s developmental growth and adjustment. Two different theories of personality selected by the author was applied to Fish, which includes a discussion of how each theory differs in†¦show more content†¦He strangled her, cut her up into little pieces, and devoured her. Fish said that he got the idea of cannibalism from his uncle in 1894, which was never verified. His uncle, Captain John Daus, sailed to China during the time of a famine. Children were sold to be butchered. They were brought out in parts to be cut to one’s ch oosing and sold as veal. The captain told his nephew human meat did taste of veal, and the behind was the sweetest part. The captain stole two children to bring home with him. He beat their behinds for days, while they were still alive, to make it nice and tender. Albert Fish decided he had to try it. Not only did the environment in which he grew up shape Albert Fish, it is believed that his genetic influences may have had a huge impact as well. â€Å"His family had a history of mental illness: his uncle suffered from religious mania, a brother was confined in the state mental hospital, another brother had died of hydrocephalus and his sister had a mental affliction. Three other close relatives suffered from severe mental illnesses and his mother was believed to suffer frequent aural and/or visual hallucinations† (Farlex, 2011). Albert Fish seems to fall in the postconventional moral development area of psychological development. Postconventional morality is how â€Å" people reason using abstract, self-defined moral principles that may not match conventional moral beliefs† (Kowalski Western, 2009). FishShow MoreRelatedThe Influence Of Social Influence On Behavior854 Words   |  4 PagesThe study of social influence has been an essential topic of study for researchers and social psychologists. Social influence pertains to the different ways people influence the feelings, behaviors and beliefs of others through interpersonal relationship (Fiske, 2008). Also, some key concepts in the analysis of social influence include conformity, compliance, and obedience. Compliance refers to a change in behavior in response to an overt or obscure request made by another individual. Hence, complianceRead MoreSocial Influences on Behavior1114 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Influences on Behavior There are many social influences which have an effect or lasting effect on the behavior of an individual. Within many group scenarios, conformity and obedience play a large role in how people tend to think and behave, especially if they get carried away. Obedience refers to compliance to an authority figure or with others in a group. On the other hand, conformity refers to an individual changing their thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors to accommodate with the standardsRead MoreSocial And Social Influence On Behavior Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesSocial influence Social psychologists try to understand human behavior in terms of the influence others have in producing it (Aronson, Wilson Akert, 1994). The following passage explains specifically how social groups can influence behavior. In particular, the discussion will Center on the role groups play in the formation of social norms and social roles. With reference to experiments, the passage will show the terms and degree to which people are likely to conform under group pressure to thoseRead MoreSocial Influences on Behavior Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Influences on Behavior Rhonda Hager PSY/300 June 25, 2012 Teresa Neal Social Influences on Behavior Introduction All humans’ behavior is affected by social influences to some extent. The level of influence will vary from person to person, depending on the several factors, such as self-esteem, their level of self-awareness, morals, and values (Velden, 2007). People do many things to ensure they are accepted by the people in their group and to keep from being ostracized by individualsRead MoreSocial Classes and Their Influence on Social Behavior1157 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Classes and Their Influence on Social Behavior Jade Tennis Indiana State University 30 November 2010 Psychology 101-004 Social Classes and Their Influence on Social Behavior Our role in society plays a big part of who we are. More importantly how generous we are toward others in need. People of lower class have a tendency to be more dependent on other whereas people of upper class are more independent. Lower class people act more prosocial fashion due to an increased orientationRead MoreSocial Influences On Children s Behavior Essay1966 Words   |  8 PagesGrowing up, children are faced with many social influences which may affect the way in which they develop gender typed behaviour. From a young age, children start to learn through using toys and interacting with other human beings on how to behave. This behaviour can be seen to be identified through their gender as boys and girls develop stereotypical behaviours. A study conducted by (Caldera, Huston, O Brien, 1989) were looking to find out whether parents encourage or avoid the child’s involvementRead MoreThe Role Of Cultural And Social Influences On Our Behavior1301 Words   |  6 Pa gesstudy behaviors and mental processes. Included were the contemporary perspectives, such as behavioral, which focuses on behavior that is observed. Psychodynamic focuses on our fantasies and our hidden motives. Humanistic is all about our free will and conscious choices. Physiological is the relationships between biological processes and behavior. Cognitive perspective is our acquired knowledge, and last but not least is sociocultural, which places great value on the role of cultural and social influencesRead MoreSocial Media s Influence On Sexual Behavior1104 Words   |  5 PagesSeveral forms of media and social media are influential factors of risky sexual behavior. Internet facilitates easier access to more sexually explicit material to the youth. Mass media exposure has been shown to predict sexual beliefs and attitudes (Escobar et.al, 2005; Timmerman et.al, 2008). Social media usage demonstrate individuals how to be promiscuous inhibiting them to take part in risky sexual behavior. Researchers Tifferet Vilnai-Yavetz preformed a random international study with a sampleRead MoreInfluences Of Social Bonds And Perceived Social Expectations On Adolescent Deviant Behavior Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesInfluences of Social Bonds and Perceived Social Expectations on Adolescent Deviant Behavior Although juvenile arrest rates have declined by 65% from 1996 to 2014 (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2015), juvenile delinquency is undoubtedly still a concern for practitioners, communities, and policy-makers in the United States. Seeking explanations of adolescent delinquency is a continuing quest by the social sciences to aid prevention and intervention efforts. Several questsRead MoreInfluence Of Consumer Behavior On Corporate Social Responsibility2162 Words   |  9 PagesPart I. How Consumer Behaviour has, should or could actually influence CSR issues? The current report aims to highlight the influence of consumer behaviour on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) issues and present a broad understanding of the role of sustainability in consumption by reflecting on my own personal consumption practices. For the purposes of this report, we will use the European Commission’s definition of CSR as being â€Å"the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society†

Worldcom Ethical Dilemma - 979 Words

In 1998, Betty Vinson was promoted to a senior manager in the firm’s corporate accounting division. Two years later in her position she experienced a major ethical dilemma. The company WorldCom was a very successful company up until the middle of 2000 when the telecommunication industry entered a protracted slump. The company’s earnings were not Wall Street expectations, and it was saddled with unpaid bills. Vinson’s job was to repair the problem by doing some wrong accounting practices. The ethical dilemma is weather she should or shouldn’t do and the consequences if she does or doesn’t do. What ethical decision should Betty Vinson take? The first right decision is to do the wrong accounting practice. Vinson was told that it was only†¦show more content†¦The WorldCom employees could loose their jobs and causing higher unemployment. Other businesses could loose they’re jobs too if they had strong relationship with WorldCom. The picture would not look good for the community as a whole. The members of the board would feel guilty not seeing this mistake in their hands of power. The members of the board would leave the shareholders empty handed. All of this could occur if Vinson decided not to take any part of wrongdoing. WorldCom would have no chance producing revenue and therefore it would go bankrupt. The right decision I personally would make, would be the second decision-making. The reason for this action is because I care about my status and not off others. I care that I do not commit any White Collar Crime. My belief is that sooner or later the actions will be caught and I do not want to be part of it. I am pretty sure that I could find another job somewhere else with a great history of a job position. My primary virtue is to do the right thing. I hate doing something that I believe is not fair and unethical. I could not accept being a senior manager to Director of Management Reporting, when I know how wrongfully I did my previous job. I care what I love, and that is my family. If my wife urged me to quit the job, I would give thoughts about it but still agree with her. The ability to make my family happy is far more important than the employees at work.Show MoreRelatedCorporate Ethics and the Employee1555 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate Ethics and the Employee Introduction The WorldCom case presents two different responses to WorldComs financial difficulties. Betty Vinson acted unethically and illegally, was caught and was punished for it. Cynthia Cooper acted ethically and legally, was recognized and lauded for it. While their ethical positions might initially seem simple, the reality is complex. Likenesses of Betty Vinson and Cynthia Cooper On the face of this situation, there are many likenesses between VinsonRead MoreThe Concepts of Ethics and Social Responsibility866 Words   |  4 Pagesrational. People invest in irrational ways all the time, and sometimes that includes ethics, a good example being ethical mutual funds. Yet, even Friedmans argument does not discount that ethics can be a part of what is our purpose? or any other ethical question. An example firm could be the Body Shop, a company that earns its money specifically because it has a particular ethical outlook. The ethics of the company are a selling point, something that attracts customers to the brand. The ethicsRead MoreEthical Leadership in the Master of Science Leadership Program776 Words   |  4 Pagesdecision, their employees, and goals of the organization. There are many readings that describe ethics and leadership, but ethical leadership is basically knowing your inner values and having the courage to steadfastly live by them for the purpose of the common good. Southwestern Colleges Master of Science in Leadership program has given me a firm understanding of how important ethical reasoning is and how it impacts, good and bad, an organization. My first artifact, LEAD505 Leadership and EthicsRead MoreA Case Of Accounting Fraud1555 Words   |  7 PagesAnother major case of accounting fraud driven by the desire to build and protect one’s personal financial condition is the WorldCom debacle. Bernie Ebbers had to show continually growing net worth in order to avoid margin calls on his own WorldCom stock that he had pledged to secure loans. When WorldCom, the telecommunications giant, failed and was put into bankruptcy, the U.S. witnessed the largest accounting frauds in history. Former CEO, Bernie Ebbers, was convicted of orchestrating this accountingRead MoreEssay about Revenue Recognition763 Words   |  4 Pagesusers. In 2002, WorldCom a telecommunication company, filed for bankruptcy. It was later revealed that the company was involved with improper accounting in two major forms. First WorldCom inflated revenues to increase profits, thereby increasing stock prices, and increasing the satisfaction of stakeholders. Second, the company understated line costs. Revenue is important to users of financial statements because it helps them evaluate a company’s performance and prospects. WorldCom violated the revenueRead MoreWorldcom Failure1198 Words   |  5 PagesWorldCom Failure in relation to its Organizational Behavior LDR/531 - Organizational Leadership October 7, 2010 WorldCom Failure in relation to its Organizational Behavior INTRODUCTION Year 2002 saw an unprecedented number of corporate scandals: Enron, Tyco, Global Crossing, etc. In many ways, WorldCom is just another case of failed corporate governance, accounting abuses, and outright greed. Many people may question if there is a secret to operating a successful business in modern times.Read MoreVerizon Wireless1280 Words   |  6 PagesDevon Daniel Verizon Verizon stars with WorldCom in 1983 when Murray Waldron and William Rector came together to sketch out a plan create a long-distance telephone service. Long Distance Discount service, became their new company that began operating as a long-distance reseller in 1984. The new company grew quickly in the next fifteen years, over time it change to WorldCom. The company became one of the largest telecommunications corporations in the world. They also became the largest bankruptcyRead MoreEthics Assignment: Worldcom Case653 Words   |  3 PagesEthics Assignment: Worldcom case Introduction: On 21 July 2002, WorldCom, Inc., the then-second largest telecommunications company in the U.S. filed bankruptcy protection. Its failure was due to its executives’ bad business behaviors to manipulate earnings with improper accounting entries. The key persons involved in the fraud were as follows; CEO Bernard Ebbers, CFO Scott Sullivan, the accountants were Bufford Yates (Director of General Accounting), David Meyers (Controller), Troy Norman (DirectorRead MoreWorldcom Case Study16775 Words   |  68 PagesAn Ethical Dilemma at WorldCom: A case study of Cynthia Cooper The Scenario One May afternoon, while sitting in his cubicle at WorldCom Inc. headquarters located in Clinton, Mississippi, Gene Morse was stunned to find an accounting entry for $500 million in expenses, which was not accounted for with any invoices. He immediately reported this entry to his boss, vice president of internal audit Cynthia Cooper (Pulliam Solomon, 2002). Little did they know at the time that this discovery would beginRead MoreThe Ethics Of The New Employees964 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence their followers to act ethically, they have first to communicate the ethical standards and continuously back up the same with real examples. This implies that writing a code of ethics is not just enough to step of indoctrinating ethics in the organization. As such, ethics should be inculcated early in every sphere of the organization life. Ethical leaders should be those people who do not tolerate instances of ethical lapses. Despite the spirited effort by leaders to curb instance of unethical

Globalization in My Community Free Essays

Globalization can be described in a number of different ways; it can describe the empowerment of decision making of dominant nations at the expense of less powerful nations, it can be defined as a force for economic growth prosperity and democratic freedom; but most notably it’s the integration of economic, political, and cultural systems across the globe. Globalization involves the movement of people, goods, ideas and information throughout the world. It is known to be the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa (Gibbens’ Globalization). We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization in My Community or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other words it’s a global domino effect of social, economical, governmental and communicative processes; for example a hotdog restaurant chain from the U. S. can be introduced to China, because of the unhealthy ingredients in their food this lead to an increase in obesity throughout their nation affecting their workforce. Due to the increase in health risk manufactures in China began to decline in production affecting other nations including the U. S. This is just one example of globalization, but the effects aren’t always negative their can also be positive influences as well but the outcomes can be rather unpredictable. Although relations between two trading nations can be mutually beneficial and positive it can still have a negative effect to another nation’s economy, culture, and/or commerce or vice versa. Globalization has helped shape the world to what it is now, a global chain of fast paced technological advancements devised and shared to improve multiple processes, lifestyles and livelihoods. My community is comprised of many ethnicities and multi-cultural backgrounds, I’m relatively new to the area but from what I have seen thus far showcases an incredible amount of potential for growth and employment. I’m formally a New Yorker who has found a new life in what’s known as the DMV (DC, Maryland, and Virginia). This area is driven predominately behind government contractual funding which is stimulating the economy and making it one of the most prosperous areas to earn a living. With global occurrences such as the war on terror, U. S. global interest, aiding foreign alliances and military expeditions it isn’t hard to conclude why this predominant military area is influenced by the amount of activity and funding that is developing this areas prosperity. I work as a government contractor for one of the agencies servicing the Department of Defense, having inside visibility sheds light on how the U. S. spends American tax dollars. When there is global situation whether it’s the deployment of a military task force, or responding to a global disaster, or political indifferences with other nations it results in America responding by either starting a government project or increasing the amount of activity for a current project to take action, aid and counter expected negative outcomes. This results in the government allocating millions of dollars and contracting the work out to government contractors such as Lockheed Martin or Northrop Grumman who then seeks qualified individuals to perform the duties and tasks required. This type of domino effect has improved the job market, quality of life, promoted growth, and has made this area virtually recession proof for individuals who possess the desired skill set. Nursing, finance/ accounting, security, business, engineering, logistics, and of course information technology are just some examples of specific desired skill set’s that has emerged during a starving recessed nation. A series of chain of events began to occur, home development projects in what use to be low income areas began to grow, construction improvement efforts went underway expanding roads to improve traffic flow, and businesses began to flourish. Recently this chain of event began a small migration of neighboring states along the east coast to seek better opportunities here in the DMV. According to the Census bureau Northern Virginia has reported an increase in population totaling 2. 62 million in 2010 which is a difference of 2. 12 million reported in 2000 (CRA Census Series). That’s a 23. 9 percent increase over a decade in just one section of the state; the state itself experienced a 54. 9 percent increase overall. Most notably Loudon county of Virginia reported the most significant increase, in 2000 the population was at 169,599 and in 2010 it more than doubled that number reaching 312,311; this reflects more than an 84 percent increase. These numbers are staggering but cannot be blamed all on the migration of neighboring states; there has also been a significant increase of undocumented and legal immigrant Hispanic presence that makes up much the figures presented above. Virginia is home to a large percent of immigrants who have come here due to natural and man-made isasters that have occurred in their former country and because of that they have received or are eligible for legal status through Temporary Protected Status (The Virginia Hispanic Chamber of Commerce). Multinational corporation Nicholas Georgantzas, Giddens’ Globalization: Exploring Dynamic Implications, Fordham University, School of Business http://www. setav. org/ups/dosya/15100. pdf http://www. vahcc. com/? page=legisl ative_committe http://policy-cra. gmu. edu/census/Population%20Change%20in%20Northern%20Virginia. pdf How to cite Globalization in My Community, Papers

Globalization in My Community Free Essays

Globalization can be described in a number of different ways; it can describe the empowerment of decision making of dominant nations at the expense of less powerful nations, it can be defined as a force for economic growth prosperity and democratic freedom; but most notably it’s the integration of economic, political, and cultural systems across the globe. Globalization involves the movement of people, goods, ideas and information throughout the world. It is known to be the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa (Gibbens’ Globalization). We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization in My Community or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other words it’s a global domino effect of social, economical, governmental and communicative processes; for example a hotdog restaurant chain from the U. S. can be introduced to China, because of the unhealthy ingredients in their food this lead to an increase in obesity throughout their nation affecting their workforce. Due to the increase in health risk manufactures in China began to decline in production affecting other nations including the U. S. This is just one example of globalization, but the effects aren’t always negative their can also be positive influences as well but the outcomes can be rather unpredictable. Although relations between two trading nations can be mutually beneficial and positive it can still have a negative effect to another nation’s economy, culture, and/or commerce or vice versa. Globalization has helped shape the world to what it is now, a global chain of fast paced technological advancements devised and shared to improve multiple processes, lifestyles and livelihoods. My community is comprised of many ethnicities and multi-cultural backgrounds, I’m relatively new to the area but from what I have seen thus far showcases an incredible amount of potential for growth and employment. I’m formally a New Yorker who has found a new life in what’s known as the DMV (DC, Maryland, and Virginia). This area is driven predominately behind government contractual funding which is stimulating the economy and making it one of the most prosperous areas to earn a living. With global occurrences such as the war on terror, U. S. global interest, aiding foreign alliances and military expeditions it isn’t hard to conclude why this predominant military area is influenced by the amount of activity and funding that is developing this areas prosperity. I work as a government contractor for one of the agencies servicing the Department of Defense, having inside visibility sheds light on how the U. S. spends American tax dollars. When there is global situation whether it’s the deployment of a military task force, or responding to a global disaster, or political indifferences with other nations it results in America responding by either starting a government project or increasing the amount of activity for a current project to take action, aid and counter expected negative outcomes. This results in the government allocating millions of dollars and contracting the work out to government contractors such as Lockheed Martin or Northrop Grumman who then seeks qualified individuals to perform the duties and tasks required. This type of domino effect has improved the job market, quality of life, promoted growth, and has made this area virtually recession proof for individuals who possess the desired skill set. Nursing, finance/ accounting, security, business, engineering, logistics, and of course information technology are just some examples of specific desired skill set’s that has emerged during a starving recessed nation. A series of chain of events began to occur, home development projects in what use to be low income areas began to grow, construction improvement efforts went underway expanding roads to improve traffic flow, and businesses began to flourish. Recently this chain of event began a small migration of neighboring states along the east coast to seek better opportunities here in the DMV. According to the Census bureau Northern Virginia has reported an increase in population totaling 2. 62 million in 2010 which is a difference of 2. 12 million reported in 2000 (CRA Census Series). That’s a 23. 9 percent increase over a decade in just one section of the state; the state itself experienced a 54. 9 percent increase overall. Most notably Loudon county of Virginia reported the most significant increase, in 2000 the population was at 169,599 and in 2010 it more than doubled that number reaching 312,311; this reflects more than an 84 percent increase. These numbers are staggering but cannot be blamed all on the migration of neighboring states; there has also been a significant increase of undocumented and legal immigrant Hispanic presence that makes up much the figures presented above. Virginia is home to a large percent of immigrants who have come here due to natural and man-made isasters that have occurred in their former country and because of that they have received or are eligible for legal status through Temporary Protected Status (The Virginia Hispanic Chamber of Commerce). Multinational corporation Nicholas Georgantzas, Giddens’ Globalization: Exploring Dynamic Implications, Fordham University, School of Business http://www. setav. org/ups/dosya/15100. pdf http://www. vahcc. com/? page=legisl ative_committe http://policy-cra. gmu. edu/census/Population%20Change%20in%20Northern%20Virginia. pdf How to cite Globalization in My Community, Papers

Employment Relation and Legislation

Question: Discuss about theEmployment Relation and Legislation. Answer: Introduction: The following essay covers several aspects of employment relationship in New Zealand. The present labor law in New Zealand provides theoretical frameworks to represent the requirements and methods of employment. These theories present the ideologies and approach of employee behavior in the industrial relationship to monitor the safeguard and objectives for the employees. There are basically three frameworks that regulate the employment relationship known as system approach, action approach and conflict frame of reference. Each of the theories describes the approach with respect to the issues on politics, social, economic and international (Chen Johnson, 2015). The essay covers the explanation of the theory of pluralism and unitarism that examines the right of employers over his employees which is different from the relationship of principal and agent. Further, the historical events, provisions of employment regulations in New Zealand and the development of the current employment law have been chalked out. Considering the present employment law under the statute and common law, written agreement by stating the requisite employment details have been made mandatory for the organizations. However, in the historic employment law, rules and norms for employment included strikes, lockouts and other unfavorable working conditions influenced by the trade unions registered with the organizations (Chang Cooke, 2015). Another section of the essay contains explanations and meaning of employee as per the Employment Relationship Act 2000, which states that an individual engaged in the work with employer in consideration of payments. Further, it excludes the work of person engaged with the production of films as an entertainer except the engagement of work under the employment agreement (Webber, 2016). The determination of employment relationship is also stated in the essay by considering the relevant case laws and legislations. The agreement as per the common law that regulates the employment law should provide details on the employment duration, employment terms, conditions and employment salaries. Additionally, the common law also states three significant tests i.e. control test, fourfold test and integration test to determine the relationship of employment (Norton et al., 2015). Discussion Employment relations have been broadened over time having multi- disciplinary foundations and influenced by social study, economics, law, psychology and such other sectors. The employment relation is concerned with the representation of interest for employment, unemployment or self-employment. There are certain theoretical frameworks of employment law that regulates the employment norms in the organizations. These frameworks are system approach, social action approach and conflict frame of reference approach. The system approach synchronizes with the approaches of political science, sociology and international relations (McDonald, Charlesworth Graham, 2015). The system approach has been formed to provide general of Industrial Relations and its overview greatly influences the thinking of employment relations. Initial attempt to formulate the system approach as a theoretical framework of industrial relation was created by John Dunlop wherein the system of industrial relation was defin ed as analytical subsystem of society of industries. Under this approach, the industrial relation rules were analyzed to overcome the conflicts and bargaining as well as the theory indentified the primary components that composed the Industrial Relation System (Law et al., 2016). The social action approach theory explains and focuses the analysis on the interaction of the operating employees strategically. This approach has been connected to the sociologist of Germany Max Weber that provides impact on psychology, human resource management and the rise in peoples rights and aspirations. The theory highlights on the actions and performance of others with respect to their past, present and future experiences and behavior in the place of work (Palmer Pytlikova, 2015). The action theory also explains the ideology and scope as well as their differences in the issues and events of employment relations in the workplace. Lastly, theory of conflict frame of reference approach explains the re asons behind the workplace conflicts and the ways to address such issues by the employers or employees. The theory covers the analysis on radical pluralism, pluralism and unitarism with the general view between the employers and employees. Radical pluralism indicates the differences and significance of ownership of the production methods, which was influenced by Marxism (Kong et al., 2015). On the other hand, pluralism and unitarism examines the prerogative of management and rights of employees to provide a balance act in the workplace. Human resource is the most significant factor in the society and business organizations, the need of which is not being complied to the optimum level. Considering the social needs with respect to physical comfort, education, health, safety and such other basic needs are not being fulfilled for the individuals. Similarly, needs for employers at workplace are also not been considered to the great extent. In order to provide systematic regulations the l egal system of New Zealands statute have formed several acts and theories to form the rights of employment relations. One such legal framework provides three basic theories to explain the rights and duties of employees and employers and their behavior (Chen Johnson, 2015). As system approach provides the industrial relation to influence the thinking of employment relations whereas the second theory, action approach provides impact on the rights and objectives of the employment relations. On the other hand, reasons of conflicts are defined and constructed in the third theory i.e. conflict frame of reference approach. Each of the theory explains the importance of human behavior at the work place and basic issues in the employment relations (Dale, 2015). Employment history of New Zealand was characterized by radical changes in the system of ideology over the short span of time. In the period of 1840- 1894 the employment relation was regulated by the common law, masters and servants act and criminal conspiracy law. During this period when the conflicts between employers and employees used to occur, the employers utilized the strategies formed in Britain. Individuals used to quit the job for better payment and better working condition. In the middle of the period, the workforce percentage in trade union in New Zealand was increased as well as protests, marches, strikes and boycotts were common for campaigning the eight- hour day working (McDonald Thompson, 2016). On the contrary, the present theoretical framework of employment law provides impact on the rights and aims of the employment relation between employers and employees. The present law presents wider impact on the ideology of better work culture among employees, employers, tra de unions. The system approach presents the norms and rules in the internal structure of the organization to provide better work system. However, during the period of 1840- 1894 employees under the trade union used practice illegitimate conspiracies for the actions. During the period the employment law in New Zealand was experiencing several issues to reform the law with respect to the increased immigration, growth of industries and trade unions, political labor movement in an organized manner (Chan, 2015). The New Zealand legislation introduced several regulations and frameworks for the benefit of employee relationship and behavior at the work place. The theory of Marxist Approach, Karl Marxs motive was to capitalize the industrial system with respect to the employment relation by observing the intellectual behavior of the workers efforts. The theory focuses on the relationship between industrial capital and organizational labor to improve the working conditions of the workplace. T he Marxist approach theory also provides explanation on the political economy of the industrial relations by finding out the reasons of employment conflicts and exploitation. According to the historical employment law in New Zealand, employment issues on violent acts between the employers and employees had been witnessed. In order to resolve such critical issues in New Zealand territory, the law statute had taken considerations to reform the underlying employment behavior conflicts (Baumgartner et al., 2015). As per the Employment Relations Act 2000, employee means a person of any age employed by the entrepreneur to perform the work in exchange of consideration or reward for a service contract. The meaning of employee under this act extends to the person who works as a home worker or the person whose intention is to work in lieu of reward or consideration (Tilly, 2015). However, the definition of employee excludes a person as a volunteer who does not perform work to be paid or to earn rewards. Further, the meaning of employee does not include a work of individual work in context to the production of film whether engaged in the work of producing film as actor, performer, singer or any sort of entertainment work. Apparently, the exclusion of individual under film production does not apply if the individual is covered by an employment agreement in the written form (McDonald, Charlesworth Graham, 2015). It means that if a person works in a production of film as per the employment agreement, then such person shall be considered as an employee within the meaning of employment relations act 2000. In order to decide the employment between employee and employer, there should be determination of real nature of connection by either the court or authority (Florida Mellander, 2016). It is important to analyze and examine all the relevant matters to determine the employment relationship by the court or legal authority. According to the employment agreements of New Zealand, there must be a written agreement between employer and employee and should be signed by the employee before starting the work. The agreement of the employment varies from company to company and it also depends on the job description along with the mandatory clause that should be present in all the employment agreements (Bammens, Notelaers Van Gils, 2015). Collective agreements and individual agreements are two types of agreements on employment that covers all the employees in profession and business organization. Individual agreement of employment creates direct negotiation with the related terms and conditions between individual and employer whereas the collective agreement creates negotiation between employer and trade union that is registered with the organization. Under the employment act, there are certain common tests in law to determine the employment relationship (Groeller et al., 2015). These are control test, fourfold test and integration test. Control Test was formed to assess the presence of control of employer or manager over the employee or worker. Based on the case of Regina Vs Walker (1858), it was argued that unlike principal- agent relationship, employment relationship provides the right to direct the employee on performing the work and the ways to perform such work. On the contrary, Fourfold Test that was developed in 1947 under the decision of Privy Council based on the case of Montreal Vs Montreal Locomotive Works Ltd. This test considered the four elements like right to employ the workers, payment of considerations, power to enforce disciplinary rules and the power or right to control the actions of the employees. Lastly, the integration test, which was initiated in the case of Stevenson Jordon and Harrison, Ltd Vs MacDonald and Evans, (1952) was formed to determine the integrity of the services rendered by the employees to the business organization. In order to determine the legal em ployment, the employment law in New Zealand has been derived from two sources i.e. statute and common law. These statutes and common law presents provision on minimum requirement for the employees and employers in New Zealand. Currently, the significant act that regulates the employment framework is the Employment Relation Act 2000 that states the employment behavior, requirements, benefits and conflicting issues (Rosenbaum et al., 2016). As per the employment act, the contract on employment should disclose the information of employment duration, details of employee, terms and conditions of employment and expiry date of the contract. The agreement should be binding on both the employee and employers and to be signed by the employee before the initiation of employment with the organization. In case of suspension of the employment contract, there are no specific provisions formed in the common law or in the acts of statutes (Lu et al., 2015). However, the suspension of contract should be formed by the means of termination. Further, the contract of employment does not exist during the terms of work strike or any other abnormal condition that interrupts the business operation. The employment contract should reflect the provisions of working hours, paid leave, employee protection facilities, equality in workforce and regulation on trade union. According to the theoretical concept on employment relations, there are differen t levels and aspects with respect to international, national, organizational, industrial and individual (van der Geest et al., 2016). The employment relationship in the organization is a continuous process that is formed to solve the conflicts and issues between the employees and employers. The relationship between employers and workers are however influenced by the social and economical norms that provide benefits and safeguard to the employees (McDonald, Charlesworth Graham, 2015). With respect to the Employment Contract Act 1991, there are various amendments have been made by following the factors of international trend on the employee rights, unemployment on large scale, and economic competition. The Act states the employment issues on strikes, lockouts, and methods to resolve such issues for better and smooth working conditions. Based on the case of Bryson Vs Three Foot Six Ltd, court decided the matter on employment relationship by confirming the relevance of all relevant mat ers there must be common intention between the employers and employee. The agreement should state the intention in written and oral form as well as the ways of implementing such methods at the workplace for better workflow. The case framed the issues regarding the employment of employee Mr. Bryson as well as the payment and duration of his employment with the employer in lieu of rendering service. Therefore, it can be said that the employment relationship between the employees and employers are determined based on various significant factors that should be drafted in a written and agreed contract (Drange Telle, 2015). Conclusion Employment relationship is one of the essential factors in the organizations to control and perform the business operations in a smooth manner. As per the employment act and common law, it is mandatory for an employee to have the employee status in the organization to get the labor benefits. It is important for the court of authority to determine the real nature of the employment relationship to segregate the status of employee and independent contractor. The court or the authority is required to consider the relevant matters on determination of employment relationship with respect to the nature of service, duration, compensation in the form of salaries and wages. There should be clear intention of employment between the employers and workers to be served in lieu of rewards or payments. There are two types of agreement considered by the courts to examine the employment relationship called as individual agreement and collective agreement. Individual agreement is created between indivi dual employee and employer whereas collective agreement is created between registered union and employers. The employment act of New Zealand has been constructed to serve for the betterment of the employees at workplace with respect to their safety, education and work improvement. Reference List: Bammens, Y., Notelaers, G., Van Gils, A. (2015). Implications of family business employment for employees innovative work involvement.family business review,28(2), 123-144. Baumgartner, P., Von Braun, J., Abebaw, D., Mller, M. (2015). Impacts of large-scale land investments on income, prices, and employment: Empirical analyses in Ethiopia.World Development,72, 175-190. Chan, W. K. (2015). Higher education and graduate employment in China: Challenges for sustainable development.Higher Education Policy,28(1), 35-53. Chang, K., Cooke, F. L. (2015). Legislating the right to strike in China: Historical development and prospects.Journal of Industrial Relations, 0022185615573009. Chen, J., Johnson, T. (2015). Federal employee unionization and presidential control of the bureaucracy: Estimating and explaining ideological change in executive agencies.Journal of Theoretical Politics,27(1), 151-174. Dale, A. (2015). Self-Employment and entrepreneurship: notes on two problematic concepts.Deciphering the Enterprise Culture (Routledge Revivals): Entrepreneurship, Petty Capitalism and the Restructuring of Britain, 35. Drange, N., Telle, K. (2015). Promoting integration of immigrants: Effects of free child care on child enrollment and parental employment.Labour Economics,34, 26-38. Florida, R., Mellander, C. (2016). The geography of inequality: difference and determinants of wage and income inequality across US metros.Regional Studies,50(1), 79-92. Groeller, H., Fullagar, H. H., Sampson, J. A., Mott, B. J., Taylor, N. A. (2015). Employment standards for Australian urban firefighters: Part 3: The transition from criterion task to test.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,57(10), 1083-1091. Kong, A. P. H., Law, S. P., Kwan, C. C. Y., Lai, C., Lam, V. (2015). A coding system with independent annotations of gesture forms and functions during verbal communication: Development of a Database of Speech and GEsture (DoSaGE).Journal of nonverbal behavior,39(1), 93-111. Law, A., De Lacy, T., Lipman, G., Jiang, M. (2016). Transitioning to a green economy: the case of tourism in Bali, Indonesia.Journal of Cleaner Production,111, 295-305. Lu, L., Chang, T. T., Kao, S. F., Cooper, C. L. (2015). Testing an integrated model of the workfamily interface in Chinese employees: A longitudinal study.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,18(1), 12-21. McDonald, P., Thompson, P. (2016). Social media (tion) and the reshaping of public/private boundaries in employment relations.International Journal of Management Reviews,18(1), 69-84. McDonald, P., Charlesworth, S., Graham, T. (2015). Developing a framework of effective prevention and response strategies in workplace sexual harassment.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,53(1), 41-58. Norton, T. A., Parker, S. L., Zacher, H., Ashkanasy, N. M. (2015). Employee green behavior a theoretical framework, multilevel review, and future research agenda.Organization Environment,28(1), 103-125. Palmer, J. R., Pytlikova, M. (2015). Labor market laws and intra-European migration: The role of the state in shaping destination choices.European Journal of Population,31(2), 127-153. Rosenbaum, J. E., Ahearn, C. E., Rosenbaum, J. E., Becker, K. I. (2016). Beyond Earnings and Social Reproduction: Can College Lead to Good Jobs Without Reproducing Social Inequalities?.RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences,2(1), 90-110. Tilly, C. (2015). Living wage laws in the United States: The dynamics of a growing movement.Economic and political contention in comparative perspective, 143. van der Geest, V. R., Bijleveld, C. C., Blokland, A. A., Nagin, D. S. (2016). The Effects of Incarceration on Longitudinal Trajectories of Employment A Follow-Up in High-Risk Youth From Ages 23 to 32.Crime Delinquency,62(1), 107-140. Webber, K. (2016). Families are More Popular than Feminism: Exploring the Greater Judicial Success of Family and Medical Leave Laws.Available at SSRN 2727395.

Big Bills Battle essays

Big Bills Battle essays Big Bills Battle Gwynne McCauley November 14, 2001 English 3-W Big Bill Haywood (1869-1928) was one of the most radical, determined, and influential labor leaders of his time. He was sent by his mother to work in the mines at the mere age of nine, and thus started his life-long battle for the rights of miners. Haywood supported and donated his time and effort to many labor groups. Big Bill founded a chapter of the W.F.M (Western Federation of Miners) and later founded the largest union, the I.W.W (Industrial Workers of the World). He endured many hardships that came with his demanding covenant, jail time, death threats, and the continuous battles between the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the workers on strike. Nevertheless, he had a blind ambition to change the world of labor unions, and that he did. Mining was a profession that was very popular in the late 1800s through the middle 1900s. It was a tough job with many serious injuries; little notice was taken of these injuries. Every year hundreds of men lost their lives to the dangerous work of mining. These deaths and injuries were not fussed over in any way; the risk came with the job. There were many who objected to this cold, un-feeling attitude, not to mention the lack of health care or safety precautions. Others took it as a fact and went on, some claimed to have no opinion, hoping that someday an organization would rise up and change the harsh conditions of mining work. The process of ga...

Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate Social Responsibility Introduction Organizations are established with an ultimate objective of providing goods and Services to people. These organizations can operate locally or internationally. Those that operate in other countries in addition to their country of origin are termed as multinational corporations. There are those organizations that are solely after making profit while others are non profit organizations.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whether the organizations are after making profit or not, they should operate in a manner that will not compromise with quality expectations of the clients. This is especially true given that organizations operate in an environment that is dynamic. The environment in which the organizations operate include political, social and economical environment. Such environments call for the organizations to observe ethics and corpor ate social responsibility as a strategy for them to survive. This is due to the fact that corporations require good will from the communities in which they operate and they are governed by laws of the land. Therefore this essay is going to focus on how ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) should be an integrated part of an organization’s strategy. This shall be discussed in relation to theories and using real life examples to support the arguments in the essay. Ethics as an integral part of strategy Ethics, as an integral part of an organization, is a strategy that can be approached from various theoretical perspectives. Therefore, an ethical organization should be built on the following three fundamental pillars: workers that observe ethics in the cause of their duties, leadership that is keen on ethics as it pertains to the workers and clients and the organizational structures and systems that are ethically sound. Without these ethical pillars the organization w ill encounter challenges in the environment it operates (Jackson 2004). The organization cannot operate in a vacuum. This is because the management leaders of the organization must make decisions that are legal and customer friendly. To achieve this different ethical approaches or theories are to be taken into considerations. They include moral rights approach, justice approach, utilitarian approach and individualism theory (George 1999).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To begin with, moral rights approach as an integral ethical strategy of an organization asserts that human beings have certain rights and freedoms that cannot be infringed by the decision made by individuals. For the decision to be considered ethical, it has to ensure that individual rights and liberties are not taken away from them. The decision made by the leadership of the organization regar ding its workers should be consistent with the following rights, â€Å"right of safety, moral right of free consent, the right of due process, the moral right of life and the moral right of freedom of speech (Behrman 1988). An example that shows how companies violate human rights can be seen by how the Wal-Mart was found to violate its U.S workers rights in 2007 by preventing them from forming trade unions and instilling fear into them. The leadership of the organization should ensure that its workers or any other stakeholders to the organization such as suppliers, creditors and the clients should have a free consent in decision matters that affect them. Free consent as a moral right encourages the leaders to allow the people to make decision that are knowingly and freely (Fisher Lovell 2003). On the other hand the leadership of the organization consider legal due process in their decision making process. This moral right calls for fair and sound hearing for an individual. The man ager in the organization should allow the workers to seek a due legal process whenever they feel that their rights have been denied (European Commission 2002). Like wise if the organization carries out the activities that pollute the environment the people can sue the organization for its harmful activities to the people and the environment. The fear of being sued for such violations leads to most organizations to do what is required of them (DFID 2003). For instance, the Los Angeles Car Wash Company was sued by its workers for underpaying them. The workers were kept on duty outside the working hours without being paid their overtime dues. The workers were paid up their dues and were not dismissed from duty due to strong laws that protect them.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Next for decision to be considered morally correct the decision of the l eaders in organization should consider the right to life and safety of its workers. The managers in the organization cannot expose their workers to the activities that threaten their life and safety. The companies that manufacture products for public consumption like the motor companies must be liable for the safety of the products to the consumers. It shall be good ethics for such products to undergo vigorous tests before being sold to the public for safety reasons. The companies can give warnings to customers if the products may jeopardize their safety. For example the General Motors Company recently recalled more than 300,000 SUVs and trucks to correct turn signal problems even though there were no injuries that had been reported from the clients. The recalling was well intended to correct a mistake that had been noticed and was vital in order to forestall any legal suits that might have followed (Dellaportes, Gibson, Alagai 2005). In addition to that, the executives of the organ ization need to protect the privacy of their workers. The managers need avoid sexual harassment against their workers. The company needs to uphold to its free consent all the time. The company should give the right information to its stake holders regarding its operation. Giving fraudulent information is unethical and may cost a lot to the company in terms of legal cost. For instance, one particular company gave a prospectus bearing false information about the unbounded wealth of Nevada. A particular share broker who took such information in good faith wanted to disregard the contract agreement after realizing that the information provided was not true. Thus it is important that companies give correct information to such situations (Hartman 2004). Lastly the people working within the organization and other stake holders to the organization have the right to freedom of speech and information.The companies should make an effort of informing its consumers on the products offered throug h education.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The companies should provide truthful information to the customers and should be truthful in their dealings (Crane Matten 2007). For Example, in 2003 the U.S food and drug administration (FDA) destroyed up to 90,000 units of Royal Tongan Limu Dietary supplements that were being false claimed to treat several diseases (Hartman 2004). The company should make decision that allows the stake holders to the organization to express themselves. This should allow the voice of the workers to be heard in matters that affects them. The top leadership should not undermine the views of those under them. If the leader goes to the extent of embracing totalitarian kind of leadership in the organization there would be conflicts in organization which may lead to the eventual collapse of the organization. This is due to the fact that there will be a disconnection between the top management and the workers (Castka, Bamber, Bamber Sharp 2004). The second theoretical approach in the ethical strategy of an organization is the utilitarian approach. This theory upholds that when the managers make the decision, it should be morally good and its consequences should benefit a large number. Therefore this approach calls for a greater measure of benefits and harm or cost in terms of what is valued most by the decision makers in the organization. For example if a company finds that using low, there were street protests in Ireland in response to increased number of companies using cheap labor provided by immigrants. Another ethical approach as a strategy of an organization is that of individualism. This approach highlights that an individual’s interest to the organization should prevail for a long time. The managers should allow the stake holders of the company to make free choice as long as their interests do not conflict with those of the company. For Example the Caribbean Money Market Brokers (CMMB) collapsed suddenly in February 2009, nothing was said about the imminent collapse and most of the stake holders were left in shock (Chrysside Kaler 1996). The justice approach as an ethical strategy by the organization is very important. This theory stipulates that moral decisions affecting the people in the company should be fair, equal and very impartial (Albertson 2007). For example it will be unfair for the unskilled laborer in the company to earn a higher salary than their skilled counterparts. This kind of scenario is common in firms that employ relatives who often are not up to the task but they end up being paid more. The management of organizations should ensure that they pay workers depending on their output and level of skill. On the other hand it will be unfair by the remuneration team in the organization to deny the workers compensation after they had been injured while on the job. This can exist where the legal process for such compensation is delayed by the management team who may not be willing to compensate their workers. That is not ethical in the life of the organization (Chrysside Kaler 1996). The rules and regulations of the organizations should be applied uniformly by the workers of the company. There should be no rules that discriminates the workers on the grounds regarding their health condition, race and gender. For Example, the Ghanaian government has formulated tough penalties to deal with Companies that are discriminating their workers on health Grounds. (Jackson 2004). CSR as a strategy in organizations The corporate social responsibility as a strategy in the organization has been favored for a very long time as far as business is concerned. Competition from other organizations sends a company into looking for ways that can really put it above others. Corporate social responsibility seems to be the best avenue through which an organization can make itself appealing to its clients. Organizations which get deeply involved in communal activities usually develop some bonding with the members of the society in whic h it operates. In the end it is always true that a company that will identify itself with the people will rip more from them. (Crane Matten 2007). How did this corporate social responsibility come about? It was partly brought about by the reshaping of the old-age traditional method of relationships in authority by ushering in new modern technology in creating of the wealth (Davis 2006). Thus the organization had to give back to the society in which it operates in which enables the organization to make large profit. Therefore the organization gives its workers services such as free health services, promotion of education that were meant to appreciate the efforts of the workers to the organization. An organization that treats workers well will be better placed to maintain a skilled workforce and thus maintaining an overall good performance (Blowfield Murray 2008). Furthermore since the business or the organization acts as the moral agent of the society their social responsibility is to ensure that their social behavior does not compromise with the moral values of the society. Thus the decision making organ within the organization should ensure that they go beyond individual self interests to make decisions that will put the larger society in danger (Balabanis, Phillips Lyall 1998). The corporate social responsibility of the organization is well supported by the stake holder theory. This theory encourages the management team of the company to safeguard the interests of the legal fraternity subsystem, clients, creditors, and suppliers who are the stakeholders to the firm (Knight 1980). The company has the corporate social responsibility of abiding to the government laws and regulations so as to avoid harming social good such as the citizens and the environment. However such government regulations interfere in the operation of the company. For example, its failure to clean Hudson River led to legal suit against General Electric Company. This was as a result of f ailure to abide by the regulations. The company kept on arguing through legal structures for a long time while the river remained unclean (Blowfield Murray 2008) Another important theory that explains the role of corporate social responsibility of the organization is that of social demandingness. The theory stipulates that the managers of the organization should safeguard the interests of the stake holders in the society. The executives of the corporations have to ensure that the social issues such as health care, safety and the prosperity is highly taken into consideration without disrupting the social harmony. A good example is Magellan Metal Company in West Australian that had to bear responsibility for the death of birds within the environs as a result of lead deposits. The company showed a good example by closing down for a while to clean up. This was welcomed by the locals who were impressed by the move as a step in the right direction. (Balabanis, Phillips Lyall 1998). The corporate social responsibility embraces the legitimacy theory which states that organizations need to carry out activities that are proper. This indicates that the organization should not engage in the activities that are against the norms and values of the society (George 1999). This theory calls upon the organization to carry out the activities that respect the moral values of the society in the society in which it operates. The company has to engage in the activities that should not impact negatively on the environment. The operations need be generally accepted. For example, the toy making company had to adopt the risk management and quality control after it realized that its products contained lead poison. The millions toys were recalled by the company world wide. Such response was legitimate for the company and it saved the general public (Grace and Cohen 2006). Conclusion In conclusion it is imperative to note that an organization cannot operate in a vacuum. It operates in th e society that is dynamic. For it to succeed, it has to lay down an appropriate strategy that is ethical and which incorporates corporate social responsibility. The organization that respects the moral rights of the people in the society shall be legitimate in its operations in the society. Likewise, the organization which has a good corporate social responsibility will not fail to safeguard the interests of its stake holders. On that note, its public image shall be well defined by the people in the society in all spheres. Thus all companies that want to venture into any society around the globe should be aware of the social requirements of the given society. They should also be willing to put up structures that will ensure that their operations do not compromise the environment. If all this are observed then the companies will exist harmoniously with the society and will also prevent legal hurdles that are associated with breaking the rules. References Albertson, T., 2007. The Gods of Business: The intersection of Faith and the Market Place. LA: Trinity Alumni Press. Balabanis, G., Phillips, C. and Lyall. J., 1998. Corporate Social Responsibility and Economic Performance in the Top British Companies: Are They Linked? European Business Review, 98 (1), pp. 25-44. Behrman, J.N., 1988. Essays on Ethics in Business and the Professions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Blowfield, M. Murray, A., 2008.Corporate Responsibility: A Critical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press Castka, P., Bamber, C.J., Bamber D.J. and Sharp, J.M., 2004. Integrating Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) into ISO Management Systems- in Search of a Feasible CSR Management System Framework. The TQM Magazine,1 (3), pp. 216-224. Chrysside, G. Kaler, J., 1996. Essentials of Business Ethics. London: McGraw-Hill Crane, A. Matten, D., 2007. Business Ethics. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press Davis, A., 2006. A Strategic Approach to Corporate Governance. New York: Gower Dellap ortes, S., Gibson, K., Alagai., 2005. Ethics, Governance and Accountability. Melbourne: Wiley DFID. 2003. â€Å"DFID and Corporate Social Responsibility’. September. London: DFID. European Commission., 2002. Corporate Social Responsibility: A Business Contribution to Sustainable Development. COM, July 2. 2002 (347) Official Publications of the European Commission: Brussels. Fisher, C. Lovell, A., 2003. Business Ethics and Values. London: FT Prentice Hall George, R. T., 1999. Business Ethics. London: Prentice Hall Hartman, L., 2004. Perspectives in Business Ethics. Burr Ridge: McGraw Hill. Jackson, K., 2004. Building Reputational Capital. New York: Oxford University Press. Knight F., 1980. The Ethics of Competition and other Essays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Chocolate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chocolate - Research Paper Example It played an essential role in the Aztec and Maya religious and royal events. Cocoa seeds in native America were used as an offering to deities, as well as serving chocolate drinks in sacred occasions. The American settlers from Europe fattened and sweetened it through the addition of milk and refined sugar, two ingredients that were not known to the Native Americans. In contrast, they did not infuse it into their diet, although, later, it was integrated into their desserts and sweets (Drowne & Patrick 27). It was in the 18th century that John Cadbury came up with the process of emulsification to create solid chocolate, which was the beginning of the modern chocolate bar. While cocoa was, originally from the Americas, West Africa, today, produces more than 65% of the cocoa in the world, half of which is planted in Cote divorce. The chocolate industry in the United States forms part of the largest food and beverage companies. They are in charge of the manufacture of cacao beans, the s ale of raw chocolate, and the manufacture of other chocolate related products (Allen 67). The chocolate industry has undergone numerous changes in both production and market trends over the years, which affect the industry in either a positive and negative manner. Production Based on the cocoa grinding reports released for cocoa traders, which was produced by the NCA in cooperation with the New York Board of trade, the grinding in the first quarter amounted to 119,022 metric tons - a decrease of 4.04 percent (5,006 mt) over 2011. The Unites States market on chocolate or candy stands in a shaky position. In North America, there has been a 2% decrease since quarter 3 in 2011 (124,621 metric tons) (Taylor & Akila 43). There is a rather decreased demand for chocolate in the market currently which means the producers need to correct where the problem lies. Cocoa, which originated in South America, was first planted in the US state of Hawaii by William Hillenbrand, a German physician, in 1850. While cocoa was long considered, as a crop to be grown in the plantations, the biggest challenge in the American market has been making money from it (Taylor & Akila 50). The plant is suited to the climate in Hawaii, although it is tricky to grow, requiring a lot of expertise in chocolate processing. Competition with low-cost producers in South America, Africa, and other countries is not easy because Hawaii has high costs of labor and land. However, Hawaii cocoa has been proven as a gourmet product for which a buyer can pay premium prices. Local cocoa farmers can also gain added value through the creation of farm tours around the popularly romanticized product (Taylor & Akila 50). Currently, dried cocoa seed sales, also referred to as cocoa beans, is estimated at a cost of $200,000 every year based on production per acre estimated for fifty acres, as well as a price of $2.47 dry bean price a pound (Taylor & Akila 52). Much higher sales can be derived by those planters who proc ess their product into chocolate at prices of approximately $40 a pound for retail. Industry growth, in the absence of expansion on a plantation scale, over the last few years, has been from small farms with a few of these farms having processing plants for their cocoa. Advances over the last ten years have increased the economic sense in the processing of chocolate from cocoa on a small scale sans specialized

The New Modern Architecure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The New Modern Architecure - Essay Example Peter Eisenman is an American architect who contributed highly to modernism in architecture. Thus, this paper will examine how Eisenman’s work has influenced the modernism movement in architect not only in the form of the design but also through the graphic representation, which is demonstrated by OMA current work in Point city/South City, Netherlands, 1993.† Peter Eisenman was commonly regarded as a theorist and teacher, but currently he is often called a deconstructionist due to his ability to swirl the controversy with buildings that seem disconnected from their environment, as well as their historical context. For this reason, he highly influenced modernism in architecture. His first public building was the Wexner Center for the Arts in Ohio, which he designed along with Richard Trott. His designs, as well as writings, represent an attempt to liberate from meaning while shunning external references. In addition, Eisenman’s house designs were meant to be theore tical experiments, which existed in abstraction and developed them without any influence from clients, or any concern for their use; Thus, Eisenman’s modern architectural work was based on the conceptual procedure through which the architecture was produced (Eisenman 54). Eisenman has large-scale housing, innovative facilities for educational establishments, urban design projects and several inventive private houses. Some of his current projects include a large condominium housing block in Italy, and a 6-building City of Culture of Galacia found in Santiago de Compostela (Eisenman 54). Most of Eisenman’s buildings are based on shifted grids that collide with one another; for example, the Wexner Center, which was built in 1983 to 1989. This is a form of modern architectural design because traditional buildings were based on single grids in which all walls were perpendicular and parallel to each other. Therefore, basing the walls of rooms on different grids that are not parallel to one another, Eisenman is able to perplex people who use the building expecting a traditional look. Eisenman broke up the traditional forms of architecture in the Wexner Center building into fragments, which mock the traditional solid feel of the old building. Also, the famous column of the building, which hangs from the ceiling, does not reach the ground, which also mocks the traditional design of how a column should appear (Chou 121). This is an illustration of Wexner Center building (1983-1989) designed by Eisenman (Siegel 1). It is an excellent example of how Eisenman influenced modernism in architecture by breaking down the traditional forms of architecture and incorporating modernist elements. Another example of how Eisenman has influenced modernism movement in architecture can be seen in the point city-south city project, Netherlands. This project is an example of how the OMA used technics similar to Eisenman’s in the representation matter, when it diagramme d, collected data and information and incorporated them in the design process. The ancient themes that were never used before have now become the most widely used formulas used to guide the development of Netherlands. According to Garcia (172), the OMA diagram is enigmatic and paradoxical and is characterized by a series of ironic hybrids of juxtaposed and quixotic contradictory concepts, as well as

Study of In-vivo Analgesic Activity in Animals

Study of In-vivo Analgesic Activity in Animals A) ANIMALS Swiss albino mice (20-25 g) and wistar rats (150-200 g) of either sex were used for study of in-vivo analgesic activity. Animals were kept under standard laboratory conditions i.e. temprature is 24  ± 2 °C and relative humidity is 60-70%. The study protocol was approved by the institutional animal ethics committee (IAEC) before experiment (Approval No. 1452/PO/a/11/CPCSEA). Albino-Swiss mice were taken from Laboratory Animal House, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Lalpur, Rudrapur (U. S. Nagar) and used for the study. The animals were procured from IVRI, Bareilly (U.P.) The animals were kept in polypropylene cages and maintained on balanced ration with free access to clean drinking water. All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the guide for Care and use of laboratory animals and in accordance with the Local animal care and use committee. Paddy husk was provided as bedding material, which was cleaned every day. The cages were maintained clean. All o f the animals were left for 2 days in the laboratory for getting used to before the day of experiment and on the last day they were given water only. Minimum of 6 animals were used in each group. B) ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES The acute oral toxicity studies were carried out to study the acute toxic effects and to determine minimum toxic dose of the synthesized compounds. For the study swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 20-25 g were used. The aqueous solution of compounds were administered orally to different groups of over night fasted mice at the doses of 30, 100, 300, 1000 and 3000 mg/kg body weight. After administration of the compounds, animals were observed continuously for any toxic manifestation for the first three hours. There after, observations were made at regular intervals for 24 hrs. Further the animals were under investigation up to a period of one week. I) ANALGESIC ACTIVITY For the study of analgesisc activity two methods were used. (A) Hot Plate method (B) Acetic caid induced writhing method A) Method 1: Hot plate method186,187,188,189 By applying heat pain is inced to animals. All the animals one by one are kept in the hot plate maintain at constant temperature (55 °C) and there reactions was noted i.e. paw licking or jumping response. Work plan Albino rats of either sex (150-200 g) were selected and divided into four groups of six animals each. All the animals were fasted for 24 hrs. before the start of the experiment and water was given adlibitum. The animals were treated as follows : Group 1 : Control group received 0.5% sodium CMC (1mg/kg) orally. Group 2 : Diclofenac sodium 50mg/kg were administered orally. Group 3 : Novel benzimidazole substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 50mg/kg was administered orally. Group 4 : Novel 2-quinolone substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 50mg/kg was administered orally. Here Group 1 is the control, group 2 is active standard and group 3 and group 4 are test. Experimental Details The hot plate method is based on the fact that analgesic compounds increases the response time. This method was first described by Eddy Leimbach, where a cut off period of 15 sec is observed to avoid damage to the paw. All the synthesized compounds were dissolved in the CMC (0.5% suspension). After administration of control, standard and test compounds the animals were kept at the hot plate and their reaction time were note at 15, 30, 60 120 min interval. All the doses were given orally to animals. Diclofenac Sodium at dose of 50 mg/kg was used standard drug for comparison. The results so obtained were tabulated in Table 10, 12, 14 and 16 and figure 07, 09, 11 and 13. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the two-way anova analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p B) Method 2: Acetic Acid Induced Writhing Method186,187,188,189 In this method pain is induced by intraperitoneal (I.P) administration of 0.6% (0.1 ml/10g) acetic acid in mice. Analgesic activity was determined by calculating total number of writhings. Work plan Albino mice of either sex (25-30 g) were used for the study. All the animals were fasted for 24 hrs. before the start of the experiment and water was given adlibitum. The animals were treated as follows : Group 1 : Control group received 0.5% sodium CMC (1mg/kg) orally. Group 2 : Diclofenac sodium 20mg/kg were administered orally. Group 3 : Novel benzimidazole substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 20mg/kg was administered orally. Group 4 : Novel 2-quinolone substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 20mg/kg was administered orally. Here Group 1 is the control, group 2 is active standard and group 3 and group 4 are test. Experimental Details All the synthesized compounds were administered intraperitonealy (0.5 ml) as a suspension in sterile 0.9% DMSO solution as vehicle. Diclofenac Sodium at dose of 20 mg/kg was used standard drug for comparison. Acetic acid solution was intraperitonealy administered 30 min after administration of the compounds. 10 min after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid solution, the number of writhings per animal was recorded for 20 min. Control animals received an equal volume of vehicle. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the two-way anova analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p II) ANTI-PYRETIC ACTIVITY STUDIES:190 For antipyretic activity yeast induced pyrexia model was used for the study. Work plan Albino rats of either sex (150-200 g) were selected and divided into four groups of six animals each. All the animals were fasted for 24 hrs. before the start of the experiment and water was given adlibitum. The animals were treated as follows : Group 1 : Control group received 0.5% sodium CMC (1mg/kg) orally. Group 2 : Peracetamol 100mg/kg were administered orally. Group 3 : Novel benzimidazole substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 100mg/kg was administered orally. Group 4 : Novel 2-quinolone substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 100mg/kg was administered orally. Here Group 1 is the control, group 2 is active standard and group 3 and group 4 are test. Experimental Details For induction of fever in rats, 20% w/v of brewer’s yeast in distilled water was administered by subcutaneous injection. All animals which were used for study, were induced pyrexia by injection of 10 ml/kg of brewer’s yeast solution under the skin in between the shoulder blades. The place of the injection was massaged in order to spread the suspension beneath the skin. Basal rectal temperature was measured before the injection of yeast, by inserting digital clinical thermometer to a depth of 2 cm into the rectum. The rise in rectal temperature was recorded after 19 hours of yeast injection. The rectal temperature was taken after 30, 60, 120, 180 and 300 minutes post treatment. If a drug is having antipyretic effect then there is a fall in the rectal temprature. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the two-way anova analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p III) ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY: 186,187,188,189 For anti-inflammatory activity carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema method was used. Work plan Albino rats of either sex (150-200 g) were selected and divided into four groups of six animals each. All the animals were fasted for 24 hrs. before the start of the experiment and water was given adlibitum. The animals were treated as follows : Group 1 : Control group received sterile normal saline (0.85% NaCl) orally. Group 2 : Ibuprofen 20mg/kg were administered orally. Group 3 : Novel benzimidazole substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 50mg/kg was administered orally. Group 4 : Novel 2-quinolone substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 50mg/kg was administered orally. Here Group 1 is the control, group 2 is active standard and group 3 and group 4 are test. Experimental Details This method was described by Winter et al. in 1962. The experimental animals were divided into ten groups, each containing five animals. After 30 min of administration of test compounds, 0.1 ml of 1% (w/v) carrageenin was injected subcutaneously in the subplantar region of the left hind paw. The right paw served as a reference to non inflammed paw for comparison. The initial paw volume was measured within 30 sec of the carrageenin injection by plethysmometer. The relative increase in paw volume was measured in control, standard and test compounds at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h after the carrageenin injection. The difference between initial and final readings was taken as the volume of oedema and the percentage inhibition by the compounds was calculated using the formula- where dt is the difference in paw volume in the test compound-treated group and dc the difference in paw volume in the control group. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the two-way anova analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun 1

Historical Analogy of the Democratic Party’s position in the Southern Region of America Essay

America’s Democratic Party is one of the country’s two major political parties. The organization has a long history, but when compared to the Democratic Party of 1792, today’s party is very different. The Democratic Party was founded in the 1790’s by Thomas Jefferson, who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson became the first Democratic President of the United States in 1800. Over next 70 years, as the organization grew, so did its support in the South. After the end of the Civil War in 1865, African Americans favored the Republican Party and its anti-slavery views, while the Democratic majority was Southern Whites, who were not in favor of political rights for former slaves (Grantham, 1992). In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant, a Republican, was elected President with the help of African American Republicans, who were voting in a presidential election for the first time. During Grant’s presidency, the Radical Republicans introduced the15th Amendment, which stated that a right to vote could not be denied because of â€Å"race, color, or previous condition of servitude† (Carnes & Garraty, 2006, p. 434) Over the years, the Democratic Party has left behind many of its old principles and ideals, especially with today’s presence of African Americans in the party. The Democrats once maintained the support of White Southerners by backing Jim Crow laws and supporting racial Historical Analogy 2 egregation, but today, the majority of African Americans vote for the Democratic ticket (Aldrich, 1995). African Americans began to shift from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party in the 1940s, despite the Democrats opposition to 14th Amendment, which granted citizenship to â€Å"all persons born or naturalized in the United States† (Carnes & Garraty, 2006, p. 430). In the election of 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, added ci vil rights to his party platform. As a result, Roosevelt and the Democratic Party gained support from African American voters (Aldrich, 1995). Today, the majority of African Americans are registered as Democrats. John Kerry carried 89% of the African American vote in the 2004 presidential election, and African Americans continue to gain more political position in the Democratic Party (Wenner, 2004). In 2008, the Democrats nominated Illinois Senator Barack Obama, as its presumptive presidential nominee, solidifying Obama’s place in history as the first African American to be a major political party’s presumptive nominee for President of the United States. For almost a century after the end of the Civil War, the Democratic Party had a strong presence in the Southern region of America. From 1880 to 1960, the region was known as the â€Å"Solid South† because Democrats won by large margins in the area (Grantham, 1992). The Solid South began to come apart when President Harry S. Truman, a Democrat, began supporting the civil rights movement (Black & Black, 2003). Following Roosevelt’s path, civil rights was a part of Truman’s 1948 Democratic platform, used at the Democratic National Convention. Historical Analogy 3 As a result of Truman’s endorsement of the civil rights movement, which included adopting a resolution to condemn the Ku Klux Klan, many conservative Southern Democrats walked out of the National Convention and left the Democratic Party (Aldrich, 1995). The Democratic support of the civil rights movement significantly reduced Southern support for the Democratic Party and allowed the Republican Party to step in and gain a little success in the South. In the 1950s, the Southern Democrats, who opposed the Democratic Party’s support of the civil rights movement, formed the Dixiecrat Party, which was led by then-Governor of South Carolina, Strom Thurmond. When the Dixiecrat Party proved to be unsuccessful, Thurmond and many other former Southern Democrats switched to the Republican Party. â€Å"Thurmond, a tenacious champion of unreconstructed conservatism, abandoned the Democratic Party to become the first Republican senator from the Deep South in the twentieth century† (Black & Black, 2003, p. 1) The Republican Party’s strength in the South grew during the election of 1964. Although Lyndon B. Johnson, a Democrat won the election, he did not carry the five states of the Solid South, which included Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama (Aldrich, 1995). The Deep South states provided an electoral victory to the Republican candidate, Barry Goldwater. It was the first time since Reconstruction that a Republican carried the South in a presidential election (Carnes & Garraty, 2006). Johnson and the Democrats continued to lose support in the South by supporting the Civil Rights Act of 1964. After signing the landmark legislation, Johnson said to his aide, Bill Moyers, Historical Analogy 4 â€Å"I think we just delivered the South to the Republican Party for a long time to come† (Grantham, 1992, p. 12). As support for the Democrats in the South dwindled, in 1968 election Republican candidate Richard Nixon used â€Å"Southern Strategy,† to capitalize in the election (Carnes and Garraty, 2006, p. 810). Nixon used a method that attracted the former Southern Democrats, who were still conservative and supported segregation. With his strategy, Nixon defeated the Democratic candidate, Hubert Humphrey, in the election. The era of the Solid South proved to be over, with the Democratic candidate only carrying one Southern state in 1968 election (Dewey, 1992). The Republican’s strategy to win voters in the South alienated African American voters from the Republican Party and pulled in more Southern Whites, who did not support integration, which was favored by the Democratic Party. Over time, Southern White voters continued to support the Republican Party. Today the Democratic Party is no longer the dominant party in the South. The South is now considered a stronghold of the Republican Party. In 2000, presidential candidate Al Gore received no electoral votes from the South, and neither did John Kerry in the following election in 2004 (Wenner, 2004). As the Democratic Party‘s strength weakens in the South, the opposite is happening in the Northern region of America. The Democratic Party was weak in North from the 1880s to the 1960s, when the organization controlled the South, but it is now strongest in the Northeast (Black and Black, 2003). In the 2004 election, all nine Northeastern states, from Pennsylvania to Maine, voted for the Democratic ticket of John Kerry and John Edwards (Wenner, 2004. Historical Analogy 5 From supporting slavery in the 1800s to supporting its first African American presidential candidate in 2008, the Democratic Party has evolved. Despite going through name changes, leaders and incarnations over the years, the Democratic Party has retained its same basic values. It prides itself on being the party for the working people, but as Americaâ₠¬â„¢s view of who was entitled to be a referred to as the working people has changed, so did the views of Democratic Party.